Over recent years, transport has been characterised by a growing dependence on roads and cars. It has become apparent that car dependency must be curbed, in order to tackle congestion and reduce environmental problems such as climate change. As they form the basic infrastructure, physical transport measures (such as parking management, bus priority schemes and restriction of road space for private cars) are of fundamental importance in a successful strategy. However, little systematic work has previously been done to advise cities on the demonstrated performance of the various options.