In December 2012, the government commissioned VTI to update information about the social marginal costs for using infrastructure for all modes of transport based on state-of-the-art knowledge in the research community. A final report was submitted in December 2013 and shortly after, the government extended VTIs assignment. The present report summarizes the results of the extended mission; the two reports are collectively referred to as SAMKOST 1 and SAMKOST 2, respectively. Both reports are based on a number of separate studies addressing externalities etc. from the respective modes of transport. Values refer to price level 2015.

Except for providing a platform for designing taxes and charges, the insights provided are useful for the analysis of other, non-economic means for enhancing efficiency in the transport sector.