Many innovations in the transport sector (such as technologies, transport concepts and policy measures) are tested and demonstrated at pilot scale prior to decision-making on their large-scale introduction. This reduces the investment risk and permits fine-tuning of the innovation. However, many pilot and demonstration projects have been conducted in an ad-hoc way, without reference to previous experience. This has led to avoidable problems and sub-optimal results, including the failure to provide answers to the underlying policy questions. A significant factor has been the absence of a reference text or guidelines on standard procedures and good practice for such projects.