The VBD programme (Villes et Bâtiments Durables) aims at exploring the changing attitude of cities and to transform what is perceived as an environmental burden into an asset, while ensuring the economic viability and social cohesion. VDB is focused on the sustainability of settings and places of
Transport is an essential element for the modern society. It has proven to be very difficult to reduce the environmental impacts of transport, such as CO2-emissions. Therefore it is necessary to gain more knowledge about the role of transport in the modern society, and the interactions between
Freight transport is expected to grow rapidly and represent a key issue in the short and long term regarding sustainable development. This can be addressed by technological development and innovation.
In 1989 ASFA (the association of French toll motorway companies) launched the "Traffic" programme to follow-up traffic matters. In 1993 this group was enlarged and a "Groupe de travail économie" was created. It focused not only on traffic but also on all fields of transport economics: cost-benefit
