This study identified four different models of shared mobility. It found that while the concept of shared mobility has the potential to reduce congestion and carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, there was limited evidence on whether the different models provide such benefits. The study highlights the need for further research on which to base national and local government mobility policy.

A study of free-floating car sharing (FFCS) in 12 cities found that it is mainly used for shorter trips with a rental time of approximately 30 minutes. The study found that FFCS has the potential to contribute to low carbon mobility if the vehicles are electric and if usage does not displace active travel and public transport use.

Car sharing can contribute to reducing car ownership, car use and the number of kilometres vehicles travel. This study highlights the role of users in maintaining a positive attitude towards alternative transport practices. It demonstrates that willingness is central to mobility transitions.

The success of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) depends on having a deep understanding of the motives, expectations, perceptions and concerns of key actors. This study used a mix-method approach to gain an understanding of MaaS users in Hungary and the UK. It found that, while there was a willingness to join a MaaS, a lack of data and app programming interfaces were key operational/technical barriers. The study provides useful insights for MaaS actors to make informed decisions to implement MaaS schemes.