Analysis and refinement of climate change mitigation measures in ocean-going shipping with respect to ongoing international and European developments
Overview
Background & policy context:
International sea transport in 2005 contributed nearly 3% of the global CO2 emissions, with trends showing further increase. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) which regulates international sea transport has as of June 2011 only adopted the energy efficiency design index (EEDI) for newly built ships; further abatement measures, especially economically in nature, are yet to come. Germany has suggested an emissions trading scheme (ETS). The European Union has said it would implement regional measures in case there are no effective international measures in place by the end of 2011; the EEDI alone would not be sufficient.
Objectives:
The goal of this project: Possible regulatory or market-based instruments for climate protection are to be developed further, their emissions abatement potential and regional as well as economic effects are to be examined, according to the current grounds for decisions at the IMO and EU level.
Methodology:
Within the study, there are four main policy options which are discussed and evaluated:
- A compensation fund,
- An emission trading system (ETS),
- A tax on fuel or on emissions,
- A mandatory emission reduction per ship
These policy options are evaluated regarding the following 9 aspects:
- Geographical scope
- Overall emission cap
- Stringency
- Avoidance
- Incentive to reduce emissions beyond target
- Quality of offsets
- Enforceability
- Modal Shift
- Long term Greenhouse Gas (GHG) reductions
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